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Testicles are made of many kinds of cells. Each kind can grow into cancer. Treatment depends on the type of testicular cancer, so you need to know which kind you have. Your doctor can tell you more about this. Most testicular cancers start in the cells that make sperm.
The 2 most common types of testicular cancer are:. If you have signs of testicular cancer the doctor will ask you about your health and examine you. If signs are pointing to testicular cancer, more tests will be done. Here are some of the tests you may need:. Ultrasound: Sound waves are used to make pictures of the inside of your body. This is often the first test done. It helps show if a lump in the testicles is solid or fluid filled.
Blood tests: Testicular cancer cells often make certain proteins that show up in the blood. Checking for them helps your doctor know which kind of testicular cancer you might have. This can show if the cancer has spread. MRI scan: Uses radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays to make detailed pictures.
This test may be used to see if the cancer has spread. PET scan: Uses a special kind of sugar that can be seen inside your body with a special camera. This test can help show if the cancer has spread.
In a biopsy, the doctor takes out a small piece of tissue to check it for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only way to tell for sure if you have cancer.
For many other kinds of cancer, a biopsy is done before surgery. But for testicular cancer, this could spread the cancer, so the biopsy is done during surgery to take out the cancer.
The cancer cells in the biopsy sample will be graded. This helps doctors predict how fast the cancer is likely to grow and spread. Cancer cells are graded based on how much they look like normal cells. Grades 1, 2, and 3 are used. Cells that look very different from normal cells are given a higher grade 3 and tend to grow faster. Ask the doctor to explain your cancer's grade. The grade helps the doctor decide which treatment is best for you.
If you have testicular cancer, the doctor will want to find out how far it has spread. This is called staging. The stage describes the growth or spread of the cancer through the testicle. Germ cells are a type of cell that the body uses to create sperm.
You can contact the cancer support specialists at Macmillan for more information about Leydig cell tumour and Sertoli cell tumours. Read more about Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although it's relatively uncommon overall, testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer to affect men between the ages of 15 and For reasons that are unclear, white men have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer than men from other ethnic groups.
The number of cases of testicular cancer diagnosed each year in the UK has roughly doubled since the mids. Again, the reasons for this are unclear. The exact cause or causes of testicular cancer are unknown, but a number of factors have been identified that increase a man's risk of developing it.
Undescended testicles cryptorchidism is the most significant risk factor for testicular cancer. They usually descend into the scrotum during the first year of life, but in some boys the testicles do not descend. In most cases, testicles that do not descend by the time a boy is a year old descend at a later stage. If the testicles do not descend naturally, an operation known as an orchidopexy can be carried out to move the testicles into the correct position inside the scrotum.
It's important that undescended testicles move down into the scrotum during early childhood because boys with undescended testicles have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer than boys whose testicles descend normally.
Men with undescended testicles are about 3 times more likely to develop testicular cancer than men whose testicles descend at birth or shortly after.
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